Mbere ya 1900, abagore bamara amasaha menshi yumunsi badoda imyenda bo ubwabo nimiryango yabo mukuboko.Abagore kandi bagize igice kinini cyabakozi bakoraga badoda imyenda muruganda no kuboha imyenda murusyo.Guhimba no gukwirakwiza imashini idoda yarekuye abagore muriyi mirimo, ibohora abakozi amasaha menshi ahembwa make mu nganda, kandi bakora imyenda itandukanye ihenze cyane.Imashini idoda mu nganda yatumye ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bishoboka kandi bihendutse.Imashini zidoda zo murugo hamwe nizishobora kwerekanwa nazo zerekanaga abadozi badoda bikunda kudoda nkubukorikori.

Abambere mu guteza imbere imashini idoda bari bafite akazi gakomeye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'umunani mu Bwongereza, Ubufaransa, na Amerika.Umukozi w’inama y’abaminisitiri w’Ubwongereza, Thomas Saint yabonye ipatanti ya mbere y’imashini idoda mu 1790. Uruhu na canvas byashoboraga kudoda niyi mashini iremereye, yakoreshaga urushinge ruteye na awl mu gukora urudodo.Kimwe nimashini nyinshi zo hambere, yandukuye icyerekezo cyo kudoda intoki.Mu 1807, udushya twatanzwe na William na Edward Chapman mu Bwongereza.Imashini yabo idoda yakoresheje urushinge rufite ijisho murwego rwa inshinge aho hejuru.

Mu Bufaransa, imashini ya Bartheleémy Thimmonier yatanzwe mu 1830 byukuri yateje imvururu.Umudozi w’umufaransa, Thimmonier yakoze imashini idoda umwenda hamwe nu munyururu uhambiriye urushinge rugoramye.Uruganda rwe rwakoze imyenda y’ingabo z’Ubufaransa kandi rufite imashini 80 ku kazi mu 1841. Agatsiko k’abadozi bimuwe n’uruganda karavumbagatanyije, karasenya imashini, kandi hafi yica Thimmonier.

Hirya ya Atalantika, Walter Hunt yakoze imashini ifite urushinge rwerekeje ijisho rukora ubudodo bufunze hamwe nu mugozi wa kabiri uva munsi.Imashini ya Hunt, yakozwe mu 1834, ntabwo yigeze ihabwa patenti.Elias Howe, uzwiho kuba ari we wahimbye imashini idoda, yateguye kandi yemeza ko yaremye mu 1846. Howe yakoraga mu iduka ry’imashini i Boston kandi yagerageje gutunga umuryango we.Inshuti yamufashaga muburyo bwamafaranga mugihe yatunganije ibyo yahimbye, byanabyaye ubudodo bwo gufunga ukoresheje urushinge rwerekeje amaso hamwe na bobbin yatwaraga umugozi wa kabiri.Howe yagerageje gucuruza imashini ye mu Bwongereza, ariko, igihe yari mu mahanga, abandi biganye ibyo yahimbye.Agarutse mu 1849, yongeye gushyigikirwa mu bijyanye n'amafaranga mu gihe yareze andi masosiyete kubera kutubahiriza ipatanti.Kugeza mu 1854, yari amaze gutsinda amakositimu, bityo ashyiraho imashini idoda nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi mu ihindagurika ry'amategeko agenga ipatanti.

Umukuru mu bahatanira Howe ni Isaac M. Singer, umuhimbyi, umukinnyi, n’umukanishi wahinduye igishushanyo mbonera cyakozwe n’abandi kandi akabona ipatanti ye mu 1851. Mu gishushanyo cye hagaragayemo ukuboko kurengereye gushyira urushinge hejuru y’ameza bityo umwenda Byakorwa munsi yumurongo mubyerekezo byose.Patente nyinshi kubintu bitandukanye biranga imashini zidoda zari zatanzwe mu ntangiriro ya 1850 ku buryo "pisine ya patenti" yashizweho n’abakora inganda enye kugira ngo uburenganzira bw’ipatanti ihuriweho bushobore kugurwa.Howe yabyungukiyemo yinjiza amafaranga yimisoro kuri patenti;Umuhanzi, ku bufatanye na Edward Clark, yahujije ibyiza byavumbuwe hamwe maze aba uruganda runini rukora imashini zidoda ku isi mu 1860. Amabwiriza menshi y’imyenda y’intambara y’abenegihugu yatumye imashini zikenerwa cyane mu myaka ya za 1860, hamwe na pisine yagize Howe n'Umuririmbyi ba mbere ba millioner bahimbye kwisi.

Gutezimbere imashini idoda byakomeje muri 1850.Allen B. Wilson, umunyamerika wateguye guverinoma, yateguye ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi, icyuma kizunguruka hamwe na bine (hejuru, hepfo, inyuma, n'imbere) ibiryo by'imyenda binyuze muri mashini.Umuhanzi yahinduye ibihangano bye kugeza apfuye mu 1875 kandi yabonye andi patenti menshi yo kunoza ibintu bishya.Mugihe Howe yahinduye isi yipatanti, Umuhanzi yateye intambwe nini mubucuruzi.Binyuze muri gahunda yo kugura ibice, inguzanyo, serivisi yo gusana, na politiki y’ubucuruzi, Umuhanzi yinjije imashini idoda mu ngo nyinshi kandi ashyiraho uburyo bwo kugurisha bwemejwe n’abacuruzi baturutse mu zindi nganda.

Imashini idoda yahinduye isura yinganda ikora umurima mushya wimyenda yiteguye kwambara.Gutezimbere mu nganda zidoda, guhuza ibitabo, ubucuruzi bwinkweto ninkweto, gukora hosiery, hamwe nibikoresho byo mu nzu hamwe nibikoresho byo mu nzu byikubye hamwe no gukoresha imashini idoda inganda.Imashini zinganda zakoresheje ubudodo bwa swing-inshinge cyangwa zigzag mbere ya 1900, nubwo byatwaye imyaka myinshi kugirango iki kidodo gihindurwe nimashini yo murugo.Imashini zidoda amashanyarazi zatangijwe bwa mbere nUmuririmbyi mu 1889. Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho bifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa mugukora buto, kudoda, kudoda hejuru, kudoda buhumyi, hamwe nudoda twinshi.

Imashini yinganda

Imashini zidoda mu nganda zisaba ibyuma bikozwe kumurongo hamwe nibyuma bitandukanye kubikoresho byabo.Ibyuma, imiringa, hamwe numubare munini wa alloys birakenewe kugirango ibice byihariye biramba bihagije kumasaha menshi yo gukoresha mubihe byuruganda.Bamwe mubakora inganda, imashini, nibikoresho ibikoresho byabo bwite;ariko abadandaza nabo batanga ibi bice kimwe na pneumatike, amashanyarazi, nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.

Imashini idoda murugo

Bitandukanye nimashini yinganda, imashini idoda murugo ihabwa agaciro kubwinshi, guhinduka, no gutwara ibintu.Inzu zoroheje ni ngombwa, kandi imashini nyinshi zo murugo zifite casings zakozwe muri plastiki na polymers byoroshye, byoroshye kubumba, byoroshye koza, kandi birwanya gukata no guturika.Ikadiri yimashini yo murugo ikozwe muri aluminiyumu yatewe inshinge, na none kugirango urebe uburemere.Ibindi byuma, nk'umuringa, chrome, na nikel bikoreshwa mu gushiraho ibice byihariye.

Imashini yo murugo isaba kandi moteri yamashanyarazi, ibyuma bitandukanye byakozwe neza neza birimo ibikoresho byo kugaburira, uburyo bwa kamera, ibyuma, inshinge, hamwe ninshinge, ibirenge byikanda, hamwe nigikoresho kinini.Bobbins irashobora gukorwa mubyuma cyangwa plastike ariko igomba kuba yarakozwe neza kugirango igaburire umurongo wa kabiri neza.Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko nacyo gisabwa cyihariye kugenzura nyamukuru imashini, imiterere no gutoranya, hamwe nibindi bintu biranga.Moteri, ibyuma byabugenewe, hamwe nimbaho ​​zumuzunguruko birashobora gutangwa nabacuruzi cyangwa bikozwe nababikora.

Imashini yinganda

Nyuma yimodoka, imashini idoda niyo mashini yakozwe neza cyane kwisi.Imashini zidoda mu nganda nini kandi ziremereye kuruta imashini zo murugo kandi zagenewe gukora umurimo umwe gusa.Abakora imyenda, kurugero, bakoresha urukurikirane rwimashini zifite imirimo itandukanye, ikurikiranye, irema umwenda wuzuye.Imashini zinganda nazo zikunda gukoresha urunigi cyangwa zigzag aho kudoda, ariko imashini zirashobora gushyirwaho imigozi igera ku icyenda kugirango imbaraga.

Abakora imashini zinganda barashobora gutanga imashini ikora kumashini magana yimyenda kwisi yose.Kubwibyo, kugerageza-murima muruganda rwabakiriya nikintu cyingenzi mugushushanya.Gutezimbere imashini nshya cyangwa guhindura ibintu muburyo bugezweho, abakiriya barabajijwe, amarushanwa arasuzumwa, kandi imiterere yiterambere ryifuzwa (nkimashini yihuta cyangwa ituje) iramenyekana.Ibishushanyo bishushanyije, kandi prototype ikorwa kandi igeragezwa muruganda rwabakiriya.Niba prototype ishimishije, igice cyubwubatsi gikora igishushanyo cyo guhuza kwihanganira ibice, kumenya ibice bizakorerwa murugo nibikoresho fatizo bikenewe, shakisha ibice bizatangwa nabacuruzi, hanyuma ugure ibyo bice.Ibikoresho byo gukora, gufata ibikoresho kumurongo witeranirizo, ibikoresho byumutekano haba kumashini no kumurongo witeranirizo, nibindi bikoresho byo gukora nabyo bigomba kuba byateguwe hamwe na mashini ubwayo.

Iyo igishushanyo cyuzuye kandi ibice byose birahari, hateganijwe umusaruro wambere.Ubufindo bwa mbere bwakozwe bugenzurwa neza.Akenshi, impinduka ziramenyekana, igishushanyo gisubizwa mumajyambere, kandi inzira irasubirwamo kugeza ibicuruzwa bishimishije.Icyitegererezo cyimashini 10 cyangwa 20 noneho zirekurwa kubakiriya kugirango bakoreshe umusaruro mumezi atatu kugeza kuri atandatu.Ibizamini nkibi byo murwego byerekana igikoresho mubihe nyabyo, nyuma yinganda nini zishobora gutangira.

Imashini idoda murugo

Igishushanyo cyimashini yo murugo gitangirira murugo.Amatsinda yibanda kubaguzi yigira kumiyoboro yubwoko bushya bwifuzwa cyane.Ishami ryubushakashatsi niterambere (R&D) ryumushinga ukora, afatanije nishami rishinzwe kwamamaza, kugirango bategure ibisobanuro byimashini nshya noneho ikorwa nka prototype.Porogaramu yo gukora imashini yatejwe imbere, kandi moderi ikora ikorwa kandi igeragezwa nabakoresha.Hagati aho, abashakashatsi ba R&D bapima icyitegererezo cyakazi kugirango barambe kandi bashireho ubuzima bwingirakamaro.Muri laboratoire yo kudoda, ubudozi burasuzumwa neza, nibindi bizamini bikozwe mugihe cyagenzuwe.

Ikarita yubucuruzi 1899 kumashini zidoda zumuririmbyi.

(Kuva mu byegeranyo bya Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)

Umuhanzi Isaac Merritt ntabwo yahimbye imashini idoda.Ntiyari n'umukanishi w'umuhanga, ahubwo yari umukinnyi w'ubucuruzi.None, ni uwuhe musanzu w'Umuririmbyi watumye izina rye rihinduka kimwe n'imashini zidoda?

Ubuhanga bw'umuririmbyi bwari mu gikorwa cye cyo kwamamaza cyane, cyerekanwe kuva mu ntangiriro ku bagore kandi kigamije kurwanya imyifatire abagore badakora kandi badashobora gukoresha imashini.Igihe Umuhanzi yatangizaga imashini zidoda zo mu rugo mu 1856, yahuye n’imiryango y’Abanyamerika kubera impamvu z’amafaranga ndetse n’imitekerereze.Mu byukuri umufatanyabikorwa w’umuririmbyi, Edward Clark, ni we wateguye udushya “gahunda yo kugura / kugura” kugira ngo agabanye ubushake buke ku mpamvu z’amafaranga.Iyi gahunda yemereye imiryango idashobora kwigurira amadorari 125 yo gukoresha imashini nshya idoda (impuzandengo yumuryango winjiza hafi amadorari 500) kugura imashini yishyura amadorari atatu kugeza kuri atanu buri kwezi.

Inzitizi zo mu mutwe zagaragaye ko bigoye gutsinda.Ibikoresho bizigama umurimo murugo byari igitekerezo gishya muri 1850.Kuki abagore bakeneye izo mashini?Niki bari gukora mugihe cyakijijwe?Ntabwo umurimo wakozwe n'intoki zifite ireme ryiza?Imashini ntizari zisora ​​cyane mumitekerereze yumubiri numubiri, kandi ntizari zifitanye isano rya bugufi nakazi kumugabo nisi yumugabo hanze yurugo?Umuhanzi yashyizeho umwete ingamba zo kurwanya iyo myitwarire, harimo no kwamamaza ku bagore.Yashizeho ibyumba byiza byerekana ibyumba byo mu rugo byiza;yakoresheje abagore kwerekana no kwigisha imikorere yimashini;kandi yakoresheje kwamamaza kugirango asobanure uburyo abagore bongerewe igihe cyubusa byashoboraga kugaragara nkimico myiza.

Donna R. Braden

Iyo imashini nshya yemerewe kubyara umusaruro, abashinzwe ibicuruzwa batezimbere uburyo bwo gukora bwo gukora ibice byimashini.Bagaragaza kandi ibikoresho fatizo bikenewe nibice bigomba gutumizwa hanze.Ibice bikozwe mu ruganda bishyirwa mubikorwa mugihe ibikoresho na gahunda biboneka.

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